Turkish Talking SlovoEd Deluxe Dictionary includes full and detailed translation articles with usage samples, synonyms and antonyms, references and other important information. Excellent solution for professional linguists, translators and advanced users
° Dagistan ° Istanbul
Following is Robert de Vaugondy’s 1753 map of the Ottoman Empire. Vaugondy maps the empire at its height, with territory spanning from the Black Sea to the southernmost extension of Arabia and west, inclusive of Persia, as far as the Mongol Empire of India. Included are the modern day nations of Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Uzbekistan, and Greece. Vaugondy employed all of the latest geographical information of the time incorporating both French and transliterations Arabic place names. This map offers detail of undersea shoals and reefs in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, mountain ranges, lakes, rivers, and historical sites.
(Click on map image for additional views and details.)
Turkey's history dates back to 6500 B.C. It is also referred to (along with Africa and Egypt) and the "Cradle of Civilization."
Arts and culture were factors in trade routes through the Middle East. Much of the Arts in Middle East evolved around religion. Some famous art techniques during the ruling of the Ottoman Empire were Tile work, Turkish Rugs, and Army bands. Firstly tile work was an important design of the floors and walls in mosques and government buildings. The geometric designs helped accentuate open worship.
Due to the invasion of the Ottoman Empire, Islam brought many influential preachers and artists from different parts of Middle East. Trade played a significant role in the world of arts in Middle East during the 1700s. Turkish rugs were important for the Ottoman Empire, as rugs were used as prayer rugs and decorations. It is known that each Muslim man owned at least one prayer rug. Many of these rugs came from Azerbaijan and Egypt.
The Port of Istanbul is more than 2500 years old and is the largest city in Turkey. The old city is located on the peninsula between Europe and Asia, covering both continents. It was the capital of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Turkish Republic. Located on a peninsula at the entrance to the Black Sea. The Port of Istanbul was first used for sea-borne trade during the Ottoman period when small boats and barges carried passengers and cargo across the Marmara Sea and along the Golden Horn and Bosporus. The Tersane-i Amire (Grand Shipyard) was established in the Port of Istanbul in 1455 for ship building. The vessels created there, as well as at other shipyards in the Ottoman Empire, formed the foundation for today's Turkey Maritime Enterprise.
Egyptian wool enabled carpets to achieve a high place in art of the Middle East.
January 27, 1855, Atlas
London, United Kingdom
ASIATIC TURKEY
All the environs of Kars are fortified. At all proper points, bastions and redoubts are to be seen in course of construction by Miyor Mahmoud Effendi, after the plans of Hussein Pasha, the chief of the staff. Each spot has been appropriated to a particular regiment or battalion in case of an attack; and even the inhabitants have their stations for defense assigned to them. Each week the soldiery are perfected in a different manoeuvre, and are prepared for the various evolutions that may be necessary during a campaign. The bread and rations are excellent, and the men have quite forgotten their past misery. The sanitary condition of the army is perfect. The Heis Kerim Pacha has effected a communication with Schamyl. A little time back Schamyl entered Sarybach and made prisoners of some hundreds of Russians. He then withdrew to Aver, leaving at Sarybach Daniel Sultan and Mahmoud Gari Effendi, his son and the brother-in-law of Daniel Sultan. The latter was formerly a Russian General. He has 20,000 men under him, of whom 6,000 are regulars, principally Russian deserters officered by Poles. He has also 32 guns. "Very lately the Polish Prince Beratynski, a Lieutenant in the Imperial Guard, deserted and entered our service.
Atlas, March 28, 1857
London, United Kingdom
TURKEY.--It is said that upon receiving the false news of the capture of the Kangaroo by Russian gunboats, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe immediately sent his first dragoman, M. Pisani, to the Russian embassy with an energetic demand for an explanation, and that in case of the fact being substantiated, Lord de Redcliffe seemed disposed to adopt very decided measures in the case.
The Sultan has published a firman, ordering that land shall be given to foreign families who may feel disposed to establish themselves in Turkey. The essential condition required for such settlers will be that they shall become subjects of the Sultan and swear fidelity to him. The colonists are to have full freedom of religion, and have their own churches.
The squadron of Admiral Lyons had not quitted the Bosphorus on the 16th. It was at anchor opposite Constantinople.
A despatch from Tangiers says the Emperor of Morocco's troops have been attacked by hostile tribes. He had sent his son to oppose them. The Emperor was about to retire to Fez for security.
Allens Indian Mail, London, United Kingdom
August 15, 1863
THE LATE GALE.—The last voyage of the S. S. Bengal, though very brief, was anything but a pleasant one. About three hours after discharging her pilot on the night of the 24th June, her screw shaft broke in two, and she was accordingly obliged to let go her anchor. An attempt was then made to splice the broken shaft, but at the first revolution of the screw the splicing gave way. In the meantime the wind began to rise rapidly, and by the morning it blew a heavy gale from the south-west, which continued for three consecutive days. Every precaution which long experience and skilful seamanship could suggest, was taken to insure the safety of the ship in such critical circumstances. Fortunately the holding ground was good, and the cable withstood the immense strain without yielding, so that with the exception of the discomfort usually endured by landsmen in a stormy sea, the passengers had not much to complain of. At the very height of the gale a seaman fell overboard from the topgallant yard, but no sooner was the alarm given than an African secondly, or " seedy boy "—as these men are usually called—caught hold of a life-buoy, and the end of a rope, and sprang into the raging sea. For one moment he got near enough to the drowning man to push the life-buoy within his reach, but the line snapped by the sudden jerk caused by the convulsive clutch of the poor wretch, and in the next instant both man and buoy disappeared in the surge. The brave African himself was saved with great difficulty, being hauled up by the rope to which he had clung throughout his dreadful buffeting by the waves. It is needless to add that a subscription was at once got up to reward his heroic, if unsuccessful, effort to save a fellow creature's life at the imminent risk of his own.—Bengal Chukka.
The Bengal arrived in Aden on December 17, 1863 under tow by Sultan and remained at Aden until February 13, 1864.
Fort Wayne Daily Sentinel
Fort Wayne, Indiana
April 8, 1881
The island of Seiko, which has been so fatally shaken by an earthquake is a possession of Turkey, off the west coast of Asia Minor, and four miles west of Cape Blanca, and from which it is separated by the strait of Seiko. The length of the island from north to south is thirty-two miles, and its greatest breadth is eighteen miles. The area is 508 square miles. The surface is very much diversified. Seio is naturally one of the richest and most beautiful islands of the Levant. The principal products are wine of superior quality, mastic, silk, wool, cheeses, figs, lemons, orange and other fruits; less corn has usually been raised than is required for home consumption.Previous to 1822, this island was the best governed and most prosperous in the Grecian archipelago, and had thriving silk manufactories, and considerable trade with Constantinople, Syria and Egypt; but in the above years, some of its inhabitants having joined the Samians in their revolt, nearly all the population, comprising from 120,000 to 130,000 persons, were massacred or sold into slavery, and the buildings and plantations were for the most part destroyed. The chief productions are silk, cotton, wool, fruit, oil and gum mastic, the latter being the staple of the island.
Chios is of ancient renown, and the chief city, also named Chios, claimed the honor of being the birth place of Homer. It was invaded by the Persians and devastated in 494 B. C. It subsequently belonged to the Athenian League, and afterwards became subject to Rome. After being captured by the Turks, it was won from them by the Genoese, but in 1655 again fell under the Turkish dominion, and, excepting a short interval during which it was subject to Venice, has been under the same government. During the revolution of 1822, within two months 23,090 Sciotes, without distinction of age or sex, were put to the sword, 47,000 were sold into slavery, and 5,000 sought safety in other parts of Greece. By the end of August of that year the former Christian population of 104,000 was reduced to 2,000, and since then, although there have been other efforts to dispute the supremacy of the Turks, the crescent has still remained in the ascendant. Scio, or Kostro, the capital, is near the middle of the east coast, and in 1875 had a population of 14,500. It has a harbor, is defended by a castle, and manufactures velvet, silk, and cotton.
Burlington Hawk Eye, May 12, 1897
Burlington, Iowa, USA
People wondering how the Turks can reconcile their consciences to the awful slaughters of the Armenians may find their answer in the following official prayer of Islam, dally repeated by tens of thousands of the sultan's subjects:
"I seek refuge with Allah from satan the accursed. In the name of Allah the 'the compassionate, the mercifuil! O Lord of all creatures! O Allah! Destroy the iInfidels and polyetheists, thine enemies, the enemies of the religion! O Allah! Make their, children, orphans and defile their abodes! cause their feet to slip; give them •' and their families, - their) households and their women, ; ; their; 'children and their relations by marriage, their brothers' and their friends, their possessions and their race, their wealth and their- lands, as booty to the moslems, O Lord of all creatures!" The koran, chapter ix., 6, has this frank advice: "Kill . the Jdolaters ..wheresoever ye shall find them and take them prisoners and .besiege, them, and lay- wait for them In every-; convenient place. But if they shall repent and observe ^he appointed' tlmes'orprayers and pay |tbe iegal alms, dismiss them freely."
Oshkosh Daily Northwestern,
April 18, 1900
Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA
In the Great City of Constantine.
Mr. Broad Reaches Constantinople and Is Admitted to "Pratique" Without Difficulty
-- He Views the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn -- Where Europe and Asia Come Together.
(No. XL—Special to The Northwestern.)
IN A CONSTANTINOPOLE HOTEL. Constantinople, March 18 —I am writing this letter in my room in the "Grand Hotel de Londres." From the windows I can feast my eyes on a fine collection of antique tiles and chimneys, back yards and old roofs. The hotel is in Pera, one of the divisions of Constantinople, and the one where Europeans live and do business. Mrs. Broad has gone out with the other ladles of our party in search of the American mission. Outside the air is cold and Marchlike, the sky is overcast, and, within, I am made comfortable by a small earthenware stove, into which I feed occasionally a stick of dry oak wood. The regular rate for hotels of this class is $3 a day, but as we were a party of seven we negotiated a treaty with the manager by which we got a rate of ten francs, or $2 a day. In the morning; we have coffee and rolls, at one o'clock a luncheon, consisting of four or five courses, and at 7:30 in the evening the usual table d'hote dinner—soup, fish, roast, fowl, salad, dessert and fruit. Excellent fish, fresh vegetables, good fruit, pistachio nuts, fresh raisins and oranges are noticeable among the attractions. The hotel is kept by a Greek, but the servants seem to be middle-aged men, mostly Germans. It is not crowded, only about one-third of the rooms being taken which accounts for the favorable rates we were able to secure . . .
All writers who speak of Constantinople go into rhapsodies over the picturesque appearance of the city as it looks when you approach it by steamer. This is March, and, of course, there is but little foliage or vegetation to be seen, yet the view is grand and beautiful. Entering the Bosphorus in a northerly direction, we have Scutari, the Asiatic port, on the right and Stamboul, or Constantinople, on the left. Then, after a mile or two, the course is to the left across the mouth of the Golden Horn and the ship anchors at Galata on the north of the Horn and within sight of the bridge connecting Galata with Stamboul.
HOW TO GET ON SHORE.
One of the perplexities of steamship traveling in foreign countries is the landing and embarkation. You would think that when the ship anchors all you had to do was to go on shore, but the fact is that it is then that your troubles really begin. We had been told terrible stories about the "unspeakable Turk" and his petty meanness to tourists. No one is allowed to land without a passport, no liquor, no "tabac," no books, no firearms, are allowed to go on shore, and they told us that we were liable to be detained on the wharf three or four hours and have our baggage turned topsy-turvy on the dock. To go from the ship to the shore a small boat must be hired and then a carriage for the journey to the hotel and to obviate the difficulty of landing the tourist agencies sell "landing tickets " For $1.50 each person. Cook & Son or Gaze will furnish tickets entitling passengers to the ride ashore carriage to the hotel, services of a guide and interpreter, and tips to the custom house people.
For ladles traveling alone or men who are at all timid or unaccustomed to traveling, the landing tickets are an indispensable blessing-and always a great convenience. But I took my chances without landing tickets and succeeded in getting through at a total expense of four francs or eighty cents each. All the rest of the party had tickets and had precisely the same experience I did and paid nearly twice as much. And I found that the annoyance and difficulties had been greatly exaggerated. We passed through the customs examination with just about the same delay we had in Italy or Greece, and from my experience at his hands that day, I am prepared to say that the Turk is "a gentleman and a scholar" and a much abused creature. Still, others were not so fortunate. One woman who carried a large bag full of manuscripts of some kind was stopped and the documents were taken from her. When we left she was trying to explain that her mission was a peaceful one, and she was on the point of crying as we took carriages end started for the hotel.
Constantinople is situated in latitude 41 degrees, longitude 29 degrees at the junction of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmora. At a rough guess, I should say it was about in the same latitude as St. Louis or Washington, and it is not quite so far to the east as Cairo, for Cairo time is about ten minutes faster. The Black Sea is constantly pouring into the Sea of Marmora at a speed of from two to five miles an hour, and this great mill-race has a depth of from 20 to 66 fathoms, or from 120 to 400 feet . . . Another important natural feature is the Golden Horn. This an estuary or arm of the sea. While the Bosphorus separates Europe from Asia, the Golden Horn is on the European side and separates only the Stamboul proper from Galata and Pera, its suburbs where Europeans are allowed to live. But it is one of the finest waterways in the world. New York is probably the only city in the United States that possesses any thing like the accommodations for ships that Constantinople has in the Golden Horn, to say nothing of the Bosphorus. For this little estuary, called the Golden Horn because in shape it resembles a rams horn is six miles long, with an average width of 1,600 feet and a depth of 138 feet. Its water, of course, is salt although its upper end receives the fresh water of two small rivers. On its placid bosom al the steamships in the world might ride at once in peace and quiet disturbed by no storm that could arise . . .
Jack Fothergill worked on Melbourne's trams before he went to war and was killed on Pine Ridge on April 15, 1915. In Gallipoli, Michael McKernan tells Jack's story and that of his family, who never recovered from their grief. He also tells the stories of journalist Charles Bean, Chaplain Bill McKenzie, John Treloar and General Ian Hamilton, capturing the essence of what it was really like for the men who fought on the Gallipoli peninsula during that long campaign. While saluting the bravery, determination and resourcefulness of the Anzacs, McKernan also tells of the failed leadership in London and on the Peninsula that caused great loss of life. He makes clear that "the most dramatic moment in Australian history" was known to be unwinnable within fifteen hours of the first Anzacs going ashore. There are few, if any, new issues to emerge from the story of Anzac, but Gallipoli puts the facts in a new context and brings to the fore the essential moments in the campaign. This intense account gives clarity to the story and is a reminder that loss of life in war is always personal, always tragic an always has consequences.
