including Formosa Under the Dutch, Formosa, A Study in Chinese History, The Island of Formosa: Past and Present,
The Eastern Seas: Bein ga Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Dwarf in China, Japan and Formosa.
The Portuguese sighted the island and named it Ihla Formosa (Beautiful Island) in 1544 and spent the next couple of decades establishing regular trade. A small number of Spanish traders from the Philippines followed the Portuguese to the Guangdong and Fujian coast in the late 1500s.
But it was the Dutch who extended trade. The Dutch had begun regular trading with China from the early 1600s but found it difficult to settle on the China coast, due to Chinese hesitancy. Consequently they occupied Formosa in 1624 and turned it into a trade station to service their commercial interests in both Japan and China. They also used Formosa to provision ships sailing on the southern trade route to the Dutch East Indies. The Dutch occupation infuriated the Chinese and it was from Ku Lang Hsu that the pirate warrior Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong), already in rebellion against the Ch'ing (Qing), marshalled his troops to recapture Formosa from the Dutch. Leaving Ku Lang Hsu in April 1661 with 25,000 troops, Koxinga defeated the Dutch in January 1662, liberated Formosa, and ended the 38-year occupation. But foreign trade continued and in 1684 the Ch'ing established a Customs House in Amoy that welcomed first the Portuguese and then the British and by the early 1700s even the Dutch had returned on favourable terms.
During the 1700s and 1800 British and French rivalry dominated the China scene along with a growing American presence in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Great Britain established a concession on Ku Lang Hsu in 1851 and by 1902 an International Settlement had been formalized with well established Consulates from Britain, Portugal, Holland, Spain, the USA, France, Germany, Japan, Denmark, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Belgium and the Philippines. Foreign Consulates, Trading Houses and wealthy merchants built colonial style residences on Ku Lang Hsu and the International Settlement became the official centre of foreign trade and diplomacy throughout the hinterland of Fujian and beyond. Ku Lang Hsu also became notorious for heavy drinking, excessive gambling, wild nightlife and exotic bordellos.
Between the late 1840s and the late 1930s many European colonial-style buildings were constructed on Ku Lang Hsu and the island became renowned amongst Europeans for its trading opportunities, benign climate, architectural splendour and convivial lifestyle. Most of the wealth on display on Ku Lang Hsu was accentuated by the imposing colonial architecture and came primarily from the profits of the opium trade. Opium use in China continued even after European firms left the trade, which was largely controlled by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) in collaboration with the invading Imperial Japanese Army and was not finally eradicated until Mao Tse-tung established The People’s Republic of China in October 1949.
In the late 1800s, the export of sugar brought riches to the Takow traders. Yet those same riches were to bring suffering to many of the local population, and caused a major problem for the Japanese colonialists, as the British traders sought to balance their trade through the sale of opium into the local market. In the early part of the 1870s, sugar made up fully 90% of the exports, whereas opium made up fully 90% of the imports. The British had seemingly unlimited reserves of opium at hand in their colonies and vassal states in British India.
Although the British East India Company, the "Honourable John Company" which effectively controlled the trade of India on a charter dating back to 1600, had supposedly backed out of the trading of opium to Canton and China, it remained utterly willing to promote sales from India where they held a production monopoly. Indeed this revenue was necessary to support the operation of a de facto colony of Britain.
 Their flags changed frequently throughout their history, including the dragon in 1857 followed by a different version of the dragon in 1895 when military defeat forced China to cede Taiwan to Japan. |
The deeper draught of the steamers increased the difficulties of crossing the bar.
Despite the golden prospects for revenue accruing from the port of Takow in the 1870s and early 1880s, the Ching authorities, in their local guise as the Tao-tai (Circuit Intendant), failed to respond to the situation. Little investment was made to improve either sugar production or port facilities. As a result, the trade shifted back to Anping.
The British trade of principally Indian opium to China was not to stop until 1917. It is clear that then, as today, the major revenue-payers have inordinate influence on government policy.
Formosa was handed over to Japan in 1895 through the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
Muller's barbets are a sub-species of bird endemic to Taiwan commonly found in broad-leaved forests, mixed forests, and in the middle and upper levels of secondary forests at altitudes of 2500m and below. The Muller's barbet is also called the "spotted monk of the forest" because of its colorful plumage and its calls, which sound like a Buddhist instrument known as a wooden fish. They are omnivorous birds whose primary diet consists of berries, fruits, and insects.
