Emigration from the United Kingdom to America from 1870 to 1897: 
° Chester ° Bristol ° Dartmouth ° Falmouth ° Harwich
° Hull ° Liverpool ° London (Billingsgate)
° Newcastle-upon-Tyne ° Plymouth ° Portsmouth
° Weymouth
Liverpool first started life as a small fishing community on the banks of the
River Mersey and grew because of trade to North America, including emigration.
Liverpool began to take her place in world history when, in
1207, King John granted the town its market charter, then in 1282 a group
of monks from Birkenhead Priory established the very first ferry service across
the Mersey. Nevertheless, it wasn't until the industrial revolution in the
18th century that her prime position on the West coast of England became readily
apparent and Liverpool quickly established itself as an important trading
port.
By the middle of the 18th century Liverpool was at the center of a thriving
trade triangle between England, Africa and the Americas.
Goods such as textiles, hardware and weaponry were shipped
to America where they were traded for African slaves. The slaves were then
transported to the Americas where they were exchanged for new-world luxuries
such as tobacco and sugar. The laden ships would then return to Liverpool.
Under this triangle of trade the city soon prospered and rapid expansion took
place. Liverpool's wealthier citizens began to build elegant town houses for
themselves and stunning civic buildings for the city.
Amazing Grace in John Newton
William E. Phipps. Mercer University Press
John Newton's allusions to the drama of his life tell the story of a youth who was a slave in Sierra Leone before ironically becoming a slave trader himself. Liverpool, his home port, was the center of the most colossal, lucrative, and inhumane slave trade the world has ever known. A gradual spiritual awakening transformed Newton into an ardent evangelist and antislavery activist. Influenced by Methodists George Whitefield and John Wesley, Newton became prominent among those favoring a Methodist-style revival in the Church of England. While pastor of a poor flock in Olney, he and poet William Cowper produced a hymnal containing such perennial favorites as "Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken" and "God Moves in a Mysterious Way." Later, while serving a church in London, Newton raised British consciousness on the immorality of the slave trade. The account he gave to Parliament of the atrocities he had witnessed helped William Wilberforce obtain legislation to abolish the slave trade in England. Newton's life story convinced many who are "found" after being "lost" to sing Gospel hymns as they lobbied for civil rights legislation. His close involvement with both capitalism and evangelicalism, the main economic and religious forces of his era, provide a fascinating case study of the relationship of Christians to their social environment. In an afterword on Newtonian Christianity, Phipps explains Newton's critique of Karl Marx's thesis that religious ideals are always the effect of what produces the most profit. Phipps relies on accounts Newton gives in his ship journal, diary, letters, and sermons for this most readable scholarly narrative.
New York Daily-Times, December 7, 1853
New York, New York
The Cotton Trade
Per Europa LIVERPOOL, Friday, Nov 18.
Tha accounts received from America on Monday appeared to confirm the occurrences of a severe frost in Georgia and Alabama, if not on 24th, at all events about the 31st of last month but in consequence chiefly of the greatly diminished consumption of cotton in this country at teh present moment, have failed to produce any animation in our market which closes steadily, with a moderate amount of business doing, at the prices of this day week. Money, as transactions become contracted grows easier notwithstanding the low rates to which the Continent Exchanges have again fallen, and (word?: Consols?) are steady at about 95, in the face of accounts from the seat of war, which would appear to leave no hope of peace being reestablished for the present. The Manchester market is very dull, the demand hardly keeping pace with the diminished quantity of goods and yarns now produced. There is slill no immediate prospect of the masters and operatives coming to terms in the districts in which the threats have taken place. The sales of the week are 37,350 of which 6,000 bales are for Speculation and for Export, leavin g31,350 in the Trade. The market today is steady. Sales 6,000 bales. The stock, 655, 128 bales, of which 359,889 American, against 421,805 bales last year, 212,143 American. We quote Fair Orleans 6-1/2d, Middhug do 6d, Fair Mobiles 6-2/1d, Middling do 5-1/2d,
A. DENNISTOUN & CO.
By the start of the 19th century slavery had been abolished in Britain, however Liverpool continued to be a significant world port - but this time it was used for emigration. In the hundred years from 1830 to 1930 some nine million people left Liverpool's docks bound for the New World. The move towards large-scale scientific farming greatly increased output but made many agricultural workers redundant. Some moved to the fast-growing industrial areas in search of work, whereas others decided to emigrate to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and the United States.
After 1830 the numbers of people leaving Britain increased dramatically. This was particularly true of those farmers and laborers who had lived in counties that had been hardest hit by the agricultural depression such as Kent, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorset, Cornwall, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire and Cumberland. Liverpool now became the most popular emigrant port in Europe. In 1830 around 15,000 people sailed from this port to North America. By 1842 this had reached 200,000, which accounted for more than a half of all emigrants leaving from Europe. This emigration has a dramatic effect on Liverpool's population in that many people who intended to travel "through" Liverpool for the New World settled in Liverpool. Immigrants from every part of Europe immediately gave the city an international feel, and whole ethnic communities were soon established in the city.
The ethnicity of Liverpool changed again after the 1845 potato famine when huge numbers of Irish immigrants arrived, followed by a huge influx of Caribbean, Chinese and Indian immigrants in the late 19th century.
New York Daily-Times
March, 8, 1854
Liverpool Cotton Market.
The improved demand last noticed has continued, and the prices current for America are perhaps 1-16d dearer—other qualities are unchanged. The week's sales foot up 69,600 bales, (of which 40,000 were American,) including 20,800 on speculation, and 3,440 for export. Today (Friday) the sale were 8,000 bales with a firm market. The authorized quotations, which are as follows, show no change,—but some Brokers quote 11-6d quid dearer than these. Fair Orleans, 6-1/2d, Middling, 5 15-16d. Fair Mobile, 6-1/2 d, Middling, 51/2d, Fair Uplands, 6-1/2d., Middling, 5-1/2d.
Liverpool Breadstuff's MarketFLOUR closes steady at 6d decline on the week.
WHEAT active at former quotations Indian Corn is low and but little inquired form. DENNISTOUN & Co. quote as follows: Western Canal Flour, 40s and 40s. Baltimore and Philadelphia, 40s 6d . . . United States White Wheat, Red and Mixed, 11s 9d @12s. White Corn, 46s @48s. Yellow and Mixed, 45s 6d @ 47s.
Beef in brisk demand at full prices, some holders asking an advance for new and old Pork, though not entire, is steady, and the stock being light, holders are not pressing. BACON moved freely and the market closed firm. CHEESE-A fair inquiry at full rates. LARD-Small sales have realized 37s 6d @58s, but two tons for Spring delivery sold at 55s 8d. TALLOW loss active-Y C 64s. LINSEED CAKES dull.
March 17, 1893, IRON
London, United Kingdom
Our market rules quiet, with a steady tone in prices. The foreign demand is, if anything, somewhat improved, and the enquiry from South-American markets is of a more hopeful tendency. The returns of the shipments made hitherto this year show there is no material falling-off in the bulk export of iron and steel, and this is regarded by manufacturers as a healthy sign. Marked, bars are unchanged in value, common crown sorts being in better demand at recent rates. In black sheets the market remains steady. Galvanised iron is unaltered in prioe, though there is a desire on the part of some makers to hold out for a slight advance. Sellers, however, are still to be found under the current ruling limits, and competition for indents is keen.
There are considerable complaints prevalent that foreign iron is being favoured by English merchants, on accouot of the low figures ruling on the Continent, and that government arsenals are receiving this iron against contracts. It is hoped that business with the United States will soon improve under the new presidency. A better volume of trade is the one fillip needed to strengthen the market, and raise it from its present depressed condition. Tinplates are steady, and there is a better enquiry, and the tendency is to hold out for a slight increase in rates, but the market does not seem sufficiently strong to support any advance.
With their enthusiasm for and knowledge of Britain's railways this book perfectly brings together Brandon and Brooke's interests in social history and the history of crime both subjects on which they have a number of published titles to their credit ensuring that the reader will find this title an enthralling read.
